Collateral damage refers to the unintended or secondary consequences of actions or policies, particularly in the context of warfare or conflict. This can include unintended harm to civilians, infrastructure, or the environment as a result of military operations. Collateral damage is a complex and ethically challenging issue that raises questions about responsibility, proportionality, and the protection of non-combatants in armed conflicts. Researchers in this area may study the causes and impacts of collateral damage, as well as strategies to minimize its occurrence and mitigate its effects.